Title: Chapter 9 - Elections and Campaigns (Trailblazer Trek).html
Course: Civic Action Project (CAP): Connecting Government Concepts to Your Community > Section: Texas Government Trailblazer Treks

🗳️ TCC Texas Government Trailblazer Trek: Elections & Campaigns

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🗳️ Chapter 9: Elections and Campaigns in Texas ⭐

Master the electoral process from primary elections to the Electoral College!

🗳️
Elections
📢
Campaigns
💰
Finance

🎓 Welcome, Trailblazer!

Enter your name to begin your journey through Texas elections and campaigns:

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1

Introduction to Elections

Understand the importance of elections and campaigns in Texas democracy.

🌟 140 points available
2

Types of Elections

Learn about primary, runoff, general, and special elections in Texas.

🌟 155 points available
3

Primary Systems

Compare open, closed, and semi-open primary election systems.

🌟 155 points available
4

Becoming a Candidate

Explore what it takes to run for office and become a party nominee.

🌟 160 points available
5

Campaigning Strategies

Discover how campaigns operate from primaries through conventions.

🌟 165 points available
6

Campaign Techniques

Learn about television, internet, and debate strategies in modern campaigns.

🌟 155 points available
7

The Electoral College

Understand how presidents are elected through the Electoral College system.

🌟 160 points available
8

Campaign Finance

Explore fundraising, PACs, and campaign finance regulations.

🌟 150 points available
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🗳️

Introduction to Elections and Campaigns

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Analyze the state and local election process in Texas
- Understand the difference between elections and campaigns

Elections offer American voters the opportunity to participate in their government with little investment of time or personal effort. Yet voters should make decisions carefully. The electoral system allows them the chance to pick party nominees as well as office-holders, although not every citizen will participate in every step.

🗳️ Election
An election is the process by which we select our government officials and determine matters of policy. Elections are very important because the outcomes of government actions are almost always the result of the people who hold elected office, and elections determine which policies we will have to live by.
📢 Campaign
Campaigns are the efforts of candidates to secure positions in the government or the efforts to get policy matters adopted. Campaigns are important because they ultimately determine who gets elected whether that person is the best person for the job or not.
🔍 Click to explore: Why do elections matter?

+30 points! 🏛️ Democracy in action!

Elections are the cornerstone of representative democracy. They provide citizens with the power to choose their leaders and hold them accountable. Without elections, there would be no peaceful transfer of power, no mechanism for citizens to express their preferences, and no way to ensure that government reflects the will of the people. As you can imagine, Texas has had some interesting elections and campaigns in the past and will continue to have them in the future.

🔍 Click to explore: Who oversees elections in Texas?

+30 points! 📋 Election administration revealed!

The Texas Secretary of State serves as Chief Election Officer for Texas, assisting county election officials and ensuring the uniform application and interpretation of election laws throughout Texas. This office is responsible for making sure that elections run smoothly across all 254 Texas counties and that election laws are applied consistently statewide.

❓ What is the primary difference between an election and a campaign?
Elections are for federal offices; campaigns are for state offices
An election is the selection process; a campaign is the effort to win that election
Elections happen every two years; campaigns happen every four years
Elections are run by the federal government; campaigns are run by states
✅ Complete Section 1
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📋

Types of Elections in Texas

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Differentiate between primary, general, runoff, and special elections
- Understand when each type of election is held

Texas uses four types of elections: Primary Elections, Runoff Elections, General Elections, and Special Elections. Each serves a different purpose in the democratic process.

🗳️ Primary Elections
Primary elections are the first elections held in an electoral cycle. A primary election is used either to narrow the field of candidates for a given elective office or to determine the nominees for political parties in advance of a general election. In Texas, primary elections are held on the second Tuesday in March on even-numbered years. Winning the primary requires an absolute majority, meaning the party's nominees must have more votes than all opponents combined.
🔍 Click to explore: What happens if no candidate wins a majority in the primary?

+30 points! 🔄 Runoff elections explained!

A runoff election is held when no candidate gets 50 percent plus one vote in the primary election. Primary elections often have multiple candidates vying to represent a party in the general election, and it's not uncommon that a single candidate fails to win a majority. In such a case, there is a runoff election between the top two vote-getters. This ensures that the party's nominee has strong support from party voters.

🏛️ General Elections
A general election is an election in which voters cast ballots to select public officials at any level, including city, county, congressional district, or state. The candidate obtaining the most votes (even if not necessarily a majority of votes) wins. Texas holds its general elections on "the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November" – set by national law in 1845. The earliest possible date is November 2, and the latest is November 8 on even-numbered years.
🔍 Click to explore: When does Texas elect its Governor and other state officials?

+30 points! 📅 Midterm elections revealed!

Texas holds its statewide elections (Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and so on) in "nonpresidential" or "midterm" years—the general elections when we are not electing a President. Major state officials, such as the attorney general, governor, lieutenant governor, and comptroller of public accounts, are elected in these nonpresidential election years. This means Texas governors are elected in years like 2022 and 2026, not 2024 or 2028.

⚡ Special Elections
Special elections are used to ratify or reject Texas constitutional amendments, fill elected offices that have become vacant between general elections, or provide approval to borrow money. In most cases, special elections occur after the incumbent dies or resigns, but they also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office. Special elections are called by the Texas Legislature.
❓ When are Texas primary elections typically held?
The first Tuesday in January
The second Tuesday in March on even-numbered years
The first Monday in November
The last Tuesday in February
❓ What is required to win a Texas primary election?
A plurality (more votes than any other candidate)
Two-thirds of the votes
An absolute majority (more than 50%)
Approval from party leadership
✅ Complete Section 2
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🔄

Primary Election Systems

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Compare and contrast open and closed primary systems
- Understand how Texas' primary system works

States are responsible for running elections. Each state may opt to use a variety of primary election systems. Among the fifty states, there are several different types of primary elections.

🔒 Closed Primary
People may vote in a party's primary only if they are registered members of that party prior to election day. Independents cannot participate. Eleven states – Delaware, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, District of Columbia, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming – have closed primaries.
🔓 Open Primary
An open primary is a primary election in which any registered voter can participate in the contest, regardless of party affiliation. A registered voter may vote in any party primary regardless of his or her own party affiliation. Eleven states – Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin – have open primaries.
🔍 Click to explore: What is "raiding" in open primary states?

+30 points! 🎭 Strategic voting revealed!

Raiding consists of voters of one party crossing over and voting in the primary of another party, effectively allowing a party to help choose its opposition's candidate. The theory is that opposing party members vote for the weakest candidate of the opposite party in order to give their own party the advantage in the general election. This is one criticism of open primary systems.

🔍 Click to explore: What are blanket and jungle primaries?

+30 points! 🌴 Alternative systems explained!

A blanket primary is a primary in which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party. In a nonpartisan blanket primary (nicknamed the "jungle primary"), the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party, and the top two candidates advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation. Louisiana has famously operated under this system. California has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2012, and Washington state since 2008. This can result in two candidates from the same party running against each other in the general election!

🤠 Texas' Primary System

Texas' primaries are difficult to classify – they are somewhere between open and semi-open. Voters in Texas don't register under a party label and may choose to vote in either party's primary (but not both). Voters who cast ballots in one of the major party primary elections may only vote in the runoff election for the same party in which they cast their primary ballot. Voters who did not cast a ballot in primary elections are free to choose either party's runoff ballot, but may only vote in one party's runoff election.

❓ What is "raiding" in the context of primary elections?
Stealing campaign signs from opponents
Voters crossing over to vote in the other party's primary to select a weaker opponent
Taking donations from multiple candidates
Switching parties after winning a primary
❓ How is Texas' primary system best described?
Strictly closed – voters must register with a party
A blanket/jungle primary system
Between open and semi-open – no party registration required
Completely open with no restrictions
✅ Complete Section 3
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🏃

Becoming a Candidate and Nominee

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Explain the key elements of deciding to run for office
- Understand the process of becoming a political party's nominee

Running for office in Texas can be as easy as collecting one hundred signatures on a city election form or paying a registration fee of several thousand dollars to run for governor of a state. However, a potential candidate still needs to meet state-specific requirements covering length of residency, voting status, and age.

🔍 Click to explore: What factors do potential candidates consider?

+30 points! 🤔 The decision to run revealed!

Potential candidates must consider competitors, family obligations, and the likelihood of drawing financial backing. Their spouse, children, work history, health, financial history, and business dealings also become part of the media's focus, along with many other personal details about the past. Candidates for office are slightly more diverse than the representatives serving in legislative and executive bodies, but the realities of elections drive many eligible and desirable candidates away from running.

👩‍👧 Women in Politics
For women, studies have shown that family obligations rather than desire or ambition account for their choice to run for local or state office first. Women are more likely than men to wait until their children are older before entering politics, and women say they struggle to balance campaigning and their workload with parenthood. Because higher office is often attained only after service in lower office, there are repercussions to women waiting so long.
🔍 Click to explore: What is frontloading in presidential primaries?

+30 points! 📅 Primary scheduling strategies!

Frontloading occurs when states schedule the majority of primaries and caucuses at the beginning of the primary season. States have been frontloading since the 1976 presidential election. In 2008, California, New York, and several other states disregarded national party guidelines and scheduled their primaries in early February. In response, Florida and Michigan moved their primaries to January. Political parties can punish states by reducing their delegate counts – in 2008, both parties reduced delegates from Michigan and Florida as punishment for holding early primaries.

🔍 Click to explore: What is the top-two primary method?

+30 points! 🏆 Alternative nomination systems!

A top-two primary, sometimes called a jungle primary, pits all candidates against each other, regardless of party affiliation. The two candidates with the most votes become the final candidates for the general election. This means two candidates from the same party could run against each other in the general election! In 2016, thirty-four candidates filed to run to replace Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA). In the end, two Democratic women of color emerged to compete head-to-head, with Kamala Harris eventually winning the seat.

❓ What is "frontloading" in presidential primaries?
When candidates spend most of their money early in the campaign
When states schedule most primaries at the beginning of the primary season
When front-runner candidates receive extra media coverage
When delegates are allocated before voting begins
❓ Which states have special permission to hold early presidential primaries/caucuses?
California, Texas, and Florida
New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio
Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina
Nevada, Michigan, and Georgia
✅ Complete Section 4
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📢

Campaigning Strategies

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Explain the key elements and phases of political campaigns
- Understand how primary and general election campaigns differ

Although candidates have the same goal for primary and general elections, which is to win, these elections are very different from each other and require a very different set of strategies. Primary elections are more difficult for the voter because there are more candidates vying to become their party's nominee, and party identification is not a useful cue because each party has many candidates rather than just one.

🔍 Click to explore: Why is name recognition so important?

+30 points! 👤 The power of recognition!

Name recognition is extremely important. Voters are unlikely to cast a vote for an unknown. Some candidates, like Hillary Clinton and Jeb Bush, have held or are related to someone who held national office, but most candidates will be governors, senators, or local politicians who are less well-known nationally. In 2016, both eventual nominees had massive name recognition – Clinton from being First Lady, Senator, and Secretary of State; Trump from being a real estate tycoon and reality TV star. While well-known candidates have longer records that can be attacked, they also have an easier time raising campaign funds.

📺 Getting Out the Vote
Campaign managers know that to win an election, they must do two things: reach voters with their candidate's information and get voters to show up at the polls. To accomplish these goals, candidates and their campaigns will often try to target those most likely to vote. Unfortunately, these voters change from election to election and sometimes from year to year.
🔍 Click to explore: What happens during convention season?

+30 points! 🎪 Party conventions explained!

Once it is clear who the parties' nominees will be, campaigns enter a quiet period to raise funds. Party conventions are typically held between June and September. Conventions normally last four to five days, with days devoted to platform discussion and nights reserved for speeches. Members of the candidate's family speak during the first few days, with the vice-presidential nominee speaking on the next-to-last night and the presidential candidate on the final night. The party with the incumbent president holds the later convention.

📋 Party Platform
Delegates bring state-level concerns and issues to the national convention for discussion. Issues important to the party and party delegates are called planks, and they make up the party platform. Just as wood planks make a platform, issues important to the party and party delegates make up the party platform. Candidates will try to keep to the platform when campaigning.
🔍 Click to explore: What is the "convention bump"?

+35 points! 📈 Post-convention effects!

Conventions are covered by most news networks and cable programs, helping the party nominee get positive attention while surrounded by loyal delegates, family members, friends, and colleagues. For presidential candidates, this positivity often leads to a bump in popularity – a small increase in favorability. If a candidate does not get the bump, the campaign manager has to evaluate whether the candidate is connecting well with voters. In 2004, John Kerry spent the Democratic convention talking about Iraq and domestic spending, yet Gallup recorded no convention bump afterward.

❓ What is a party "platform"?
The stage where candidates give speeches
The financial support structure for campaigns
The set of issues important to the party and its delegates
The voting system used at conventions
❓ Which party typically holds its national convention later in presidential election years?
The party that lost the previous election
The party with the incumbent president
The party with more registered voters
It alternates each election cycle
✅ Complete Section 5
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📺

Campaign Techniques and Media

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Understand how television and internet have transformed campaigning
- Analyze the role of debates in modern elections

Campaigns have always been expensive and have sometimes been negative and nasty. The 1828 "Coffin Handbill" that John Quincy Adams ran listed the names and circumstances of executions Andrew Jackson had ordered. This was in addition to gossip and verbal attacks against Jackson's wife, who had accidentally committed bigamy.

🔍 Click to explore: How did television change campaigning?

+30 points! 📺 The TV revolution!

Once television became a fixture in homes, campaign advertising moved to the airwaves. Television allowed candidates to connect with voters through video, appealing directly and emotionally. While Adlai Stevenson and Dwight D. Eisenhower were the first to use television in their 1952 and 1956 campaigns, John Kennedy's campaign was the first to use images to show voters that the candidate was the choice for everyone. In reaction to negative ads, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 required candidates to include a recorded statement within the ad stating they approved the message.

🎭 Soft News / Infotainment
Candidates frequently use interviews on late night television to get messages out. Soft news, or infotainment, is a type of news that combines entertainment and information. Shows like The Daily Show and Last Week Tonight make news humorous while helping viewers become more educated. In 2008, Huckabee, Obama, and McCain visited programs to target informed voters in the under-45 age bracket, showing their funny sides while discussing policy preferences.
🔍 Click to explore: How has the internet transformed campaigns?

+30 points! 💻 Digital campaigning!

The Internet has given candidates a new platform and a new way to target voters. In the 2000 election, campaigns created websites to distribute information and used search engine results to target voters with ads. In 2004, Democratic candidate Howard Dean used the Internet to reach potential donors – his campaign posted footage of the candidate eating a turkey sandwich, which brought over $200,000 in donations and showed his commitment to being a down-to-earth candidate. Candidates also use social media like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube to interact with supporters and reach younger voters.

🔍 Click to explore: Why are debates so important?

+30 points! 🎤 The power of debates!

In 1960, the first televised presidential debate showed that answering questions well is not the only way to impress voters. Senator Kennedy and Vice President Nixon prepared differently – Kennedy worked on delivery, accent, tone, facial displays, and body movements. Nixon was ill and appeared sweaty and gaunt, choosing not to wear makeup. Interestingly, while people who watched the debate thought Kennedy won, those listening on radio saw it as more of a draw. This demonstrated that visual presentation matters as much as content in televised debates.

❓ What is "soft news" or "infotainment"?
News that avoids controversial topics
News that combines entertainment and information
News presented in print rather than broadcast
News that is biased toward one party
❓ What lesson did the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon debate teach about television?
Policy details matter most to viewers
Radio audiences are more perceptive than TV audiences
Visual appearance and presentation are as important as content
Debates have little impact on election outcomes
✅ Complete Section 6
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🗳️

The Electoral College

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Understand how the Electoral College works
- Analyze Texas' role in presidential elections

Once the voters have cast ballots in November and all the election season madness comes to a close, races for governors and local representatives may be over, but the constitutional process of electing a president has only begun.

🗳️ Electoral College
The Electoral College is the constitutionally created group of individuals, chosen by the states, with the responsibility of formally selecting the next U.S. president. The number of Electoral College votes granted to each state equals the total number of representatives and senators that state has in Congress. For the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections, there are a total of 538 electors, and a majority of 270 electoral votes is required to win the presidency.
🔍 Click to explore: Why is Texas so important in presidential elections?

+35 points! ⭐ The Lone Star's electoral power!

Texas carries the second largest share of electors after California. Currently, Texas has 38 electoral votes and has seen the number of electors increase steadily for decades. Texas is considered a "red state" in that it tends to vote for the Republican candidate. In terms of the role of Texas in presidential elections, the state adds considerable weight to any candidate who can secure the state's electors. The electors travel to their state capitol and cast their votes in mid-December, often by signing a certificate recording their vote.

🏆 Winner-Take-All System
In forty-eight states and the District of Columbia, the candidate who wins the most votes in November receives all the state's electoral votes, and only the electors from that party will vote. This is called the winner-take-all system. Only Nebraska and Maine use a different method, the district system, where electoral votes can be divided based on congressional district results.
🔍 Click to explore: What are faithless electors?

+35 points! 🎭 Electoral surprises!

Occasionally there are examples of faithless electors – electors who vote differently from their state's voters. In 2000, one DC elector cast a blank ballot to contest the District's unequal representation. In the 2016 election, there were seven faithless electors: four in Washington, two in Texas, and one in Hawaii. The Republican and Democratic parties choose faithful party members who have worked hard for their candidates, which decreases the chance they will vote differently from the state's voters. Electors cannot be elected officials nor can they work for the federal government.

📊 Midterm Elections & The Coattail Effect

During a presidential election year, members of Congress often experience the coattail effect, which gives members of a popular presidential candidate's party an increase in popularity and raises their odds of retaining office. During a midterm election year, however, the president's party often is blamed for the president's actions or inaction. Representatives and senators from the sitting president's party are more likely to lose their seats during a midterm election year. The 2010 election returned control of the House to Republicans after two years of a Democratic presidency.

❓ How many electoral votes does Texas currently have?
29
55
38
40
❓ What is the "coattail effect"?
When candidates copy each other's campaign strategies
When a popular presidential candidate helps same-party candidates win their elections
When presidents endorse congressional candidates
When voters always vote for the incumbent
✅ Complete Section 7
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💰

Campaign Finance Laws

🎯 Learning Objectives

- Describe the relevant fundraising and campaign finance laws
- Understand the role of PACs and Super PACs in elections

Political campaigns are efforts of the candidates to win support of the voters. The goal of the campaign is to attain sufficient support to win the primary election in March and the general election in November. Campaigns involve attempts to reach potential voters through print and electronic media, mail, door-to-door campaigning, speeches, and telephone solicitation. The cost is enormous, and money is critical for candidate success in Texas.

💵 EMILY's List Principle
The more money a candidate raises, the more he or she will continue to raise. EMILY's List, a political action group, was founded on this principle; its name is an acronym for "Early Money Is Like Yeast" (it makes the dough rise). This group helps progressive women candidates gain early campaign contributions, which in turn helps them get further donations. Many potential candidates decline to run if their opponent has a lot of money in a campaign war chest.
🔍 Click to explore: What is the history of campaign finance regulation?

+30 points! 📜 A century of reform!

The history of campaign finance monitoring has its roots in a federal law written in 1867, which prohibited government employees from asking Naval Yard employees for donations. After Theodore Roosevelt witnessed excessive campaign spending, the Tillman Act (1907) prohibited corporations from contributing to federal candidates. In 1971, the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) outlined how candidates would report contributions and expenditures. A 1974 amendment created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), which operates independently and enforces election laws.

🏛️ Political Action Committees (PACs)
PACs are organizations created to raise and spend money to influence politics and contribute to candidates' campaigns. In the 2014 congressional elections, PACs raised over $1.7 billion to help candidates and political parties. The FECA created rules governing the way organizations and companies could contribute to federal campaigns, which allowed for the creation of PACs.
🔍 Click to explore: What are Super PACs?

+30 points! 💰 Unlimited spending unleashed!

In 2010, the Supreme Court's ruling on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission led to the removal of spending limits on corporations funding independent political broadcasts. This allowed corporations to place unlimited money into Super PACs, or Independent Expenditure-Only Committees. These organizations cannot contribute directly to a candidate, nor can they strategize with a candidate's campaign. However, they can raise and spend as much money as they please to support or attack a candidate. In 2012, "Restore Our Future" raised $153 million supporting conservative candidates, while "Priorities USA Action" raised $79 million supporting liberal candidates.

📊 Current Contribution Limits

Several limits on campaign contributions remain in place: Individuals may contribute up to $2,700 per candidate per election (adjusted for inflation). Individuals may also give $5,000 to political action committees and $33,400 to a national party committee. PACs that contribute to more than one candidate are permitted to contribute $5,000 per candidate per election. These limits are intended to create a more equal playing field so that candidates must raise funds from a broad pool of contributors.

❓ What does EMILY's List stand for?
Elected Members In Legislative Yearbooks
Early Money Is Like Yeast
Every Member In Legislature Yearns (for Votes)
Empowering Members In Local Youth Services
❓ What did Citizens United v. FEC allow?
Direct corporate contributions to candidates
Foreign donations to U.S. campaigns
Unlimited corporate spending on independent political broadcasts through Super PACs
Removal of all campaign finance limits

📚 Chapter Glossary

Blanket primary: A primary in which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party.
Campaign: The efforts of candidates to secure positions in government or to get policy matters adopted.
Closed primary: A primary election in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote.
Coattail effect: The result when a popular presidential candidate helps candidates from his or her party win their own elections.
Delegates: Party members chosen to represent a particular candidate at the party's state- or national-level nominating convention.
Electoral College: The constitutionally created group of individuals, chosen by the states, with the responsibility of formally selecting the next U.S. president.
General election: The election in which voters cast ballots to select public officials.
Gerrymandering: The drawing of district lines to guarantee a desired electoral outcome.
Incumbency advantage: The advantage held by officeholders that allows them to often win reelection.
Midterm elections: Congressional elections that occur in even-numbered years between presidential election years.
Open primary: A primary election in which any registered voter can participate regardless of party affiliation.
Platform: The set of issues important to the political party and the party delegates.
Political Action Committees (PACs): Organizations created to raise money for political campaigns and spend money to influence policy and politics.
Raiding: Occurs when voters of one party cross over and vote in the primary of another party.
Runoff primary: A second primary election held between the top two candidates if no one received a majority in the first primary.
Special elections: Elections not held on a regularly scheduled basis, called to ratify amendments, fill vacancies, or approve borrowing.
Straight-ticket voting: The practice of voting only for candidates from the same party.
Super PACs: Independent Expenditure-Only Committees that can fundraise and spend without limits to support or attack candidates but cannot contribute directly to campaigns.
Winner-take-all system: All electoral votes for a state are given to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state.
✅ Complete Section 8

🗳️ TCC Texas Government Trailblazer Trek

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TCC Trailblazer Trek - Completion Report

Chapter 9: Elections and Campaigns in Texas

A
95%
Student Name
Not Entered
Date Completed
-
Time Completed
-
Level Achieved
Explorer

Section | Topic | Status | Points
1 | Introduction to Elections | ❌ | 0/140
2 | Types of Elections | ❌ | 0/155
3 | Primary Systems | ❌ | 0/155
4 | Becoming a Candidate | ❌ | 0/160
5 | Campaigning Strategies | ❌ | 0/165
6 | Campaign Techniques | ❌ | 0/155
7 | The Electoral College | ❌ | 0/160
8 | Campaign Finance | ❌ | 0/150

📝 Instructor Note

This report documents the student's completion of Chapter 9: Elections and Campaigns in Texas. The percentage score reflects both content exploration and knowledge check performance. Students should aim for 80% or higher to demonstrate mastery.

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